town planning of harappan civilization

 town planning of harappan civilizationHarappa Civilization: An Introduction

The **Harappan Civilization** (also known as the Indus Valley Civilization) was one of the oldest civilizations in the world. It flourished from about 3300 BC to 1300 BC and was located in the areas of modern Pakistan and northwest India. 

**Discovery**:

- The Harappan civilization was discovered in 1921 by Indian archaeologist **Dayaram Sahni** when he was excavating in the Montgomery district of Punjab (present-day Pakistan). Subsequently, in 1922, **Rakhaldas Banerjee** excavated Mohenjodaro, another major site of this civilization.

- This civilization was based on major cities like Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

**What was found in the Harappan civilization**:

- **City planning**: The cities of this civilization were highly organized and planned. The cities used drainage systems, houses in grid patterns, paved roads, etc.

 - **Engineering**: Important constructions such as huge fortifications, warehouses for storing grains, and bathhouses have been found, which indicate the technological advancement of that time.

- **Literary evidence**: Many seals and samples of hieroglyphics have also been found, but they have not yet been fully translated.

- **Economic activities**: Evidence of trade relations has also been found. The pictures and symbols found on the seals indicate trade and religious activities.

**Where was the Harappan civilization found**:

- This civilization was mainly spread around the Indus River and its tributaries, which includes important sites like Harappa (Pakistan), Mohenjodaro (Pakistan), Kalibangan (Rajasthan, India), Dholavira (Gujarat, India), and Lothal (Gujarat, India).

Excavations at Harappa have produced many important discoveries, including ancient city plans, buildings, water supply systems, and art specimens. In particular, objects such as pottery, seals, and coins from Harappan excavations provide insight into the civilization's advanced crafts and trade activities.

The main site of excavation at Harappa is located in present-day Sindh province of Pakistan. Excavations have uncovered many parts of Harappa, such as city plans, roads, and fortified areas. The depth to which excavations were conducted may vary by site, but generally the depth of excavation may range from a few meters to several meters.

Today, the site of Harappa is an important archaeological site and is protected for conservation and research. The site is recognized as a World Heritage Site and is important for archaeological study and education.